Friday, March 26, 2010

Intercondylar Fractures of the Elbow

INTERCONDYLAR FRACTURES

Mechanism of injury:
Is by a force directed towards an elbow which is flexed > 90° which causes the ulna to drive against the trochlea

Riseborough and Radin Classification
• Type I: Nondisplaced
• Type II: Slight displacement with no rotation between the condylar fragment.
• Type III: Displacement with rotation
• Type IV: Severe comminution of the articular surface.

Classification of Mehne and Matta:
1. High T.
2. Low T
3. Y-type
4. H-type.
5. Medial.
6. Lateral

The Mehne and Matta classification describes the most often encountered fracture patterns intraoperatively.

Clinical Features:
1. The elbow maybe held in 90° flexion and forearm is kept pronated
2. Crepitus may be elicited
3. Independent mobility of the medial and lateral condyle can be elicited
4. The normal 3 point bony relationship between the olecranon, medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle is lost

X-Rays:
Standard AP and lateral views are obtained
CT scan is helpful to further delineate the fracture pattern

Nonoperative Treatment
• Elderly patients with severe osteopenia and comminution or Patients with significant comorbid conditions precluding operative management.

Operative Treatment

Open reduction and internal fixation:
• Restores articular congruity
• Interfragmentary screws and dual-plate fixation: One plate is placed medially and another plate posterolaterally. Reconstruction plate and one-third plate are used commonly.
• Total elbow arthroplasty (semi constrained): May be considered in markedly comminuted fractures and in fractures with osteoporotic bone.

Pearls of Internal fixation for distal humerus fractures (O’Driscoll et al..)

1. olecranon osteotomy provides the best exposure of the articular surface of the distal humerus (1), but problems due to non union and symptomatic implants maybe seen
2. Alternative approaches include the triceps reflecting, anconeus pedicle, or TRAP exposure described by O'Driscoll or elevating the triceps from the posterior humerus, but leaving it attached to the olecranon(Allonso Llamas) approach(2)
3. Identify the ulnar nerve and protect it throughout the procedure.
4. Transpose the ulnar nerve if hardware is placed medially to prevent irritation from the hardware
5. Perform the olecranon osteotomy in the area of the olecranon that is normally devoid of articular cartilage.
6. Drill and tap olecranon prior to performing the osteotomy.
7. When performing the olecranon osteotomy, remember that the semilunar notch is “V-shaped” with the central area being the thickest (the site for the osteotomy—about 2 cm distal to the olecranon tip)
8. Create a chevron osteotomy with the apex pointing distally.
9. Anatomic reduction and preliminary fixation with Kirschner wires or interfragmentary lag screw fixation of the articular condyles
10. Fixation of the lateral column with a well-molded posterior plate
11. Fixation of the medial column with a medial plate extending down to, and on occasion wrapping around, the medial epicondyle
12. Multiple interfragmentary screws, usually through the plates or independent of the plates, to secure the fracture construct together
13. If one large fragment of the joint surface can be reduced to either medial or lateral column, it can be used to surgeon’s advantage. Once this stable construct has been established other fragments can be added
14. Try to place every screw in a fragment through the plate
15. If the fracture extends distally, the plates should be contoured over the respective epicondyles and placed adjacent to the articular margin
16. Distal plate placement may result in impingement during terminal elbow extension
therefore, before definitive plate fixation the elbow should be examined to ensure an acceptable ROM with absent bony or soft tissue impingement
17. Some surgeons prefer cannulated screws because these can be placed over the preliminary K- wires
18. Avoid injury to the radial nerve by identifying the nerve if proximal exposure is necessary.
19. Avoid narrowing the trochlea with lag fixation in cases with articular comminution.

Ref:
1. Wilkinson JM, Stanley D. Posterior surgical approaches to the elbow: a comparative anatomic study. J Should Elbow Surg 2001;10:380-382.
2. Alonso-Llames M. Bilaterotricipital approach to the elbow. Acta Orthop Scand 1972;43:479-490.
3. Muller ME, Allgower M, Schneider R, et al. Manual of internal fixation. Techniques recommended by the AO-ASIF Group. 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1991.
4. O’Driscoll SW, Jupiter JB, Cohen MS, Ring D, McKee MD: Difficult elbow
fractures: Pearls and pitfalls. Instr Course Lect 2003;52:113-134.

Thursday, March 18, 2010

Os Trigonum Syndrome

• Is a cause of posterior ankle pain.
• The lateral (posterior) tubercle of the talus has a separate center of ossification, which appears from ages 7 to 13 years.
• When this fails to fuse with the body of the talus, it is called os trigonum
• It lies lateral to the groove for the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon
• A cartilage connection may or may not attach the os trigonum to the talus.
• The os trigonum has been reported to be present in 1.7% to 7% of normal, asymptomatic feet

Clinical features:
• gradual onset of pain, especially in the anterior aspect of the retrocalcaneal space
• Pain is recreated by forced plantar flexion of the ankle
• pain may be elicited by direct pressure over the posterior lip of the talus

Imaging:
• May be visible on plain radiographs.
• Stress views with the ankle in plantar flexion can show the posterior impingement.
• Three-phase bone scanning may show increased radioactivity in the case of a symptomatic nonunion.
• However, not all os trigonum with positive bone scans are symptomatic.
• CT scan: can provide detailed visualization, especially of a fibrous union or nonunion.
• MRI: may show edema within the os trigonum fragment, as well as fluid around it.

Treatment:
• Nonoperative treatment consists of NSAIDs, activity modification, and occasionally immobilization.
• Surgical treatment may be indicated if nonsurgical management fails.
• Excision can be performed arthroscopically.
• The os trigonum is visualized through the anterolateral portal, and working portal is the posterolateral portal.
• Excision is performed using arthroscopic banana knives, curettes, and graspers.
• Care should be taken to avoid injury to the FHL tendon and the posteromedial neurovascular structures.
• Cure rates with surgery are high